Biodiversity declines dramatically; the forest loses significance as a carbon source; and the increased use of mineral fertilizer leads to additional leaching of nutrients such as nitrogen.
The low mean temperature and high rainfall result in water-logging of fine textured soils, and leaching of nutrients from soils with a coarser texture.
Removal or damage of the biota reduces the local capacity to retain water, which can exacerbate flooding and lead to increased leaching of nutrients from the soil.