I.down1[美 daʊn, 英 daʊn]副down often appears as the second element of certain verb structures in English (back down, clamp down, tone down, etc). For translations, see the relevant verb entry (back, clamp, tone, etc).
It has witnessed different empires which were raised, flourished, and then cast down near oblivion by a successor kingdom built up on the relics of its predecessor.