It is most often used for the unofficial increase of the exchange rate due to market forces, though sometimes it appears interchangeably with devaluation.
These costs are largely subject to market forces, and vary enormously within the private sector, depending on the medical specialty and service provided.
In these instances states were striving not against other countries but against market forces that were exerting undesirable downwards pressure on their currencies.
Heath's stance reflected the paper's classic liberal / libertarian philosophy, with a focus on capitalism and market forces as the drivers of economic and social progress.
