Bulges and internal loops are formed by separation of the double helical tract on either one strand (bulge) or on both strands (internal loops) by unpaired nucleotides.
Water enters tightly bound amorphous regions of double helical structures to swell amylopectin, thus causing crystalline structures to melt and break free.
During gelatinization of starch, three main processes happen to the starch granule: granule swelling, crystal or double helical melting, and amylose leaching.
The ships' powerplant incorporated several recent developments in turbine equipment, including double helical reduction gears and high-pressure steam technology.