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- The language of the Incas, Quechua is spoken today by some 13 million people in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Argentina. Since 1975 it has been an official language in Peru. The Quechua people are one of South America's most important ethnic minorities. Words derived from Quechua include coca, cóndor, pampa, and puma.
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- The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 began when right-wing army officers led by General Francisco Franco rebelled against the elected republican government. Southern and northwest Spain soon fell to Franco's nacionalistas, but in cities such as Madrid, Bilbao and Barcelona resistance was fierce. Franco's revolt was aided by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while Britain and France declared a policy of non-intervention and blockaded Spanish ports. The Soviet Union aided the Republican government and volunteers from around the world joined the Brigadas Internacionales to fight against fascism. Resistance collapsed in the spring of 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship which ended with his death in 1975. A period of great economic hardship followed the end of the war and the persecution of Republicans continued for several years after the end of hostilities.


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- España (official title: Reino de España) is a constitutional monarchy with a two-chamber system. The king, Juan Carlos I, was appointed Head of State on 22.11.1975. The successor to the throne is Crown Prince Felipe de Asturias. The official language of the country is Spanish. Since 1978, el gallego (Galician), el catalán (Catalan) and el euskera/el vasco (Basque) have also been recognised as national languages.
- España (official title: Reino de España) is a constitutional monarchy with a two-chamber system. The king, Juan Carlos I, was appointed Head of State on 22.11.1975. The successor to the throne is Crown Prince Felipe de Asturias. The official language of the country is Spanish. Since 1978, el gallego (Galician), el catalán (Catalan) and el euskera/el vasco (Basque) have also been recognised as national languages.