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- ETA, meaning "Basque homeland and liberty", is a terrorist organization founded in 1959 to fight for Basque independence. Its political wing, established in 1978 as Herri Batasuna - HB (Popular Unity) is now called batasuna (Unity). Batasuna was declared an illegal organization in 2003. Opinion polls show a majority of Basques are opposed to the political violence and murder campaigns espoused by ETA.
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- Medieval charters setting out the privileges granted to an individual, a town or a territory. They included special fiscal concessions and exemptions from military duties to the Spanish king. Foral rights, were held, for example, by the cities of León and Burgos, by the former kingdom of Navarra, and by the Basque provinces. Each Spanish monarch traditionally went to Guernica to reaffirm the rights of the Basques.