Some are intended to be a utopia -- with public gardens, promenades, throughways and harmony -- to cure the "urban disease" rampant in most ad hoc cities.
Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe that they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potential industries.
Housing crises in big cities and the industrialization of remote areas required mass housing construction, development of new territories and reconstruction of old cities.
In contrast to big cities, boycotts in smaller towns were more effective and theater owners complained of the harassment they received when they exhibited salacious films.
It has been estimated that combining self-driving cars, car-sharing and various disincentives for car ownership can eliminate up to 85% of the automobiles in cities.
The cities sought damages from the banks for lost property-tax revenue and increased municipal services stemming from foreclosures that they said resulted from discriminatory lending.