Technically, it refers to an unpredictable change in exogenous factorsthat is, factors unexplained by economicswhich may have an impact on endogenous economic variables.
The town was dominated by a harsh climate with violent and unpredictable weather, which made a permanent settlement increasingly difficult without outside support.
This unpredictable environment and sudden changes in weather such as global warming and pollution lead to the untimely extinction of this interesting creature.