The figures from analyses of natural and medical-related hazards clearly illustrate the benefits of ex ante or proactive approaches to hazard management.
There are a range of accepted approaches to determining an appropriate comparison group for counterfactual analysis, using either prospective (ex ante) or retrospective (ex post) evaluation design.
Given that voluntary programs tend to have varying levels of effectiveness, the club approach helps to predict ex ante how program design affects program efficacy.
For the first time in global climate governance, developed countries have agreed to communicate indicative support to developing countries every two years ex ante.
Voluntary exchange, by virtue of its voluntary nature, is assumed to be beneficial (ex ante) to the parties involvedwhy else would they engage in the exchange?
Moreover, the publication of probabilistic projections hasn't adversely affected credibility, even though actual interest rates have typically differed from the ex ante "best guess".
Here the long run is an arbitrarily large number of time periods such that the distributions of observed outcomes for all assets match their ex ante probability distributions.
