Conversely, multiple mating can be disadvantageous for females because it reduces foraging efficiency and increases the chances of predation and parasitic infection.
Under scramble competition to inseminate females, the early matured males are smaller than the rest of the population and can attain the highest mating success.
The rarity of observations of specimens and the extreme difficulty of observing them alive, tracking their movements, or studying their mating habits militates against a complete understanding.
