Swallowing difficulties (secondary achalasia) may be the first symptom of digestive disturbances and may lead to malnutrition. 20% to 50% of individuals with intestinal involvement also exhibit cardiac involvement.
There are five general symptoms related to intestinal gas: pain, bloating and abdominal distension, excessive flatus volume, excessive flatus smell and gas incontinence.
Post mortem, beetles were found in large numbers in the rumen, associated with symptoms of dramatic congestion and irritation of the abomasum and haemorrhagic pseudomembranous intestinal enteritis.
The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception.
