In general terms, such things as lying, cheating, fraud, misinformation and misrepresentation disqualify a criticism from being scholarly.
en.wikipedia.org The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the spreading of dirt and misinformation, as (for example) through excited discussion of scandals.
en.wikipedia.org He is an underachiever and excessive daydreamer whose gullibility allows him to believe anything he hears, which makes him a constant source of misinformation.
en.wikipedia.org Sabotage, such as tripping competitors, throwing marbles or large obstacles in their paths, and the spreading of misinformation such as false route information, is common.
en.wikipedia.org Disinformation should not be confused with misinformation, information that is unintentionally false.
en.wikipedia.org