Bronchiole, smooth muscle that line the airways of the lung, respond to high carbon dioxide producing vasodilation and vasoconstrict when carbon dioxide is low.
Iontophoresis, for example, allows local administration of the drug, preventing the systemic effects listed above but still inducing local microvascular vasodilation.
Activation of -adrenergic receptors promotes vasoconstriction, while the activation of -adrenergic receptors mediates the relaxation of muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation.
These findings were seminal at the time, ultimately leading to an understanding of the value of vasodilation in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
In lower doses, the antihistamine targets cold symptoms through reducing both swelling and vasodilation; it also acts to potentiate the opiate codeine.
