Some chimpanzee troupes have been observed consuming, possibly for medicinal purposes, because it has been seen to remove intestinal parasites, and is otherwise unpalatable.
Wild waterpepper produces oils that cause skin irritation, and the many acids in its tissues, including formic acid, make the plant unpalatable to livestock.
These alkaloids distribute themselves evenly around the female body, even the wings, and offer her great protection as they render her unpalatable to most predators.
Although agricultural policy-makers are beginning to realise the arguments for upstream health intervention, practical measures remain politically unpalatable.